Two "Earth-like" exoplanets are mirages

Two "Earth-like" exoplanets are mirages
The Point.fr - Published 04/07/2014 13:03 - Amended 04/07/2014 at 1:38 p.m.
Researchers estimate that Gliese 581 d and Gliese 581 g, it was thought of living space, are mere illusions created by the activity of a star.

Around the star Gliese 581, there would be no planet potentially habitable finally.
Around the star Gliese 581, there would be no planet potentially habitable finally. © NOTIMEX
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THE POINT.FR (SOURCE AFP)
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Two exoplanets, astronomers believed that some potentially habitable, were nothing more than illusions created by the activity of a star, American researchers revealed Thursday. Gliese 581 d and Gliese 581 g, which, according to calculations by astronomers, would have found twenty-two light years (one light year equals 9,460 billion kilometers) from Earth in the "Goldilocks zone" (earrings gold), that is to say in a zone close enough and far enough so that their star water can exist there. And which, moreover, the temperature and the atmosphere have been conducive to the occurrence of life and to its evolution. At the time of the announcement of his "discovery" in 2010, Gliese g, had even been described as the exoplanet "more comparable" to the Earth that has been detected so far.

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Too far away from our planet to be observed with the naked eye or through a telescope, the two exoplanets have been detected around the star Gliese 581 by examining the spectrum of the latter. Now astronomers from the Pennsylvania State University believe that Gliese 581 d and Gliese 581 g were not planets, but the signals sent by the star. "According to our research, the two planets which everyone speaks unfortunately not exist," said Suvrath Mahadevan, co-author of the study published in the journal Science . "What was initially seen as the signals sent by the planets was actually caused by stellar activity," he said. In other words, the magnetic fields of sunspots or could have disrupted the reading signals made ​​by astronomers. Scientists had "discovered" six exoplanets around Gliese 581, but by spreading the existence of Gliese g and - and that of a third, Gliese f - there are only about three, none of which are finally habitable.

Visit our dossier: The hunt for exoplanets exceptional

The miracle of oxygen in prehistoric ages

The miracle of oxygen?

So how and why this abundance of life, then nothing complex for 1.5 billion years? For researchers, the key to the mystery may lie in the concentration of atmospheric oxygen. Because complex organizations biota Gabonese appeared a few hundred million years after a major glaciation followed by a rise in the level of oxygen in the atmosphere. According to
 
665 million years - a very similar to that which preceded the appearance of the now second oldest fossils of complex organisms, found in Australia (Ediacaran) and dated approximately scenario.
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"The lessivation continents oxidizing atmosphere releasing large amounts of nutrients," said El Albani. The disturbing coincidence should revive the scientific debate on the impact of oxygen on living organisms. Especially if there is no trace of complex organism between the two periods, this also corresponds to a sudden drop in oxygen concentration to - 2 billion years. This should give food for thought to exobiologistes seeking to better understand the origin of life on Earth to find life elsewhere in the universe . As in the famous clay from the base of Mount Sharp where Curiosity hopes to find valuable molecules organic ..

A true ecosystem in prehistoric ages

A true ecosystem

"There you have microscopic organisms in the order of tens of microns and macroscopic organisms ranging in size between 1 and 17 centimeters. Flyers, elongated, lobed, compartmentalized, their shapes are also very varied. So much so that we have already identified at least eight different types, "says El Albani, fresh off of Gabon with more than four hundred
 
precious fossils in his luggage. It must be said that researchers in his team were able to get a pretty good idea of ​​what they were dealing with. Simply because at Franceville they not only have the imprint fossil but also against their impression.

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Clearly, through the activity of bacteria, organisms themselves have been turned to stone here (pyritization) and allows to study not only their external appearance but also their internal structure, as it scans a brain scanner . "We can, for example, that these bodies were médusaire kind," the geologist. That is to say, it was not a matter of jellyfish but they were like them soft and gelatinous. "Flexible folds is clearly noted," he says. And thanks to the study of rocks, scientists are able to say that these organizations composed there long, long time a marine ecosystem shallow (30 to 40 meters).

Origin of life on earth: biodiversity was already there 2.1 billion years!

Origin of life on earth: biodiversity was already there 2.1 billion years!
The Point.fr - Published 04/07/2014 at 06:24 - Amended 04/07/2014 at 07:43
Fossils discovered in Gabon testify to the existence of the oldest ecosystem, composed of complex organisms not listed.

These fossils of multicellular organisms discovered in Gabon, are older than 2.1 billion years.
These fossils of multicellular organisms discovered in Gabon, are older than 2.1 billion years. © El Albani / CNRS / PLoS One

By CHLOE DURAND-PARENTI

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The announcement of the discovery, in July 2010, in the prestigious journal Nature had already caused a stir. Fossils of macroscopic organisms, multicellular old 2.1 billion years, while one

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was far back the appearance of complex living just 600 million years (Ediacaran fossils from the site Australia ), it was hard. A little too much even for some who were skeptical, especially since we had never listed similar that existed during the long period - 1.5 billion years - between the two dates.

Four years later, it is yet more doubtful. The international team of researchers led by geologist El Albani (University of Poitiers / CNRS), consisting of fifty scientists and several sizes, just to confirm and clarify, in the journal Plos One , the exact nature the exceptional discovery. And not only is relatively complex multicellular organisms, but in addition, the Gabon fossils, unearthed in clays Bay Franceville - an area quite exceptional for finding primitive life as tectonic plates did not remodeled - testify to the existence of a genuine biodiversity.

a virus 97% similar to the Spanish flu

This is not the first time that his work is criticized, even condemned by some scholars. In June, he was able to reconstruct a virus 97% similar to the Spanish flu that killed between 50 and 100 million people in 1918 and 1919.

Anticipate risks

However, the objective of these studies was approved by the Biosafety Committee of Wisconsin. And because Yoshihiro Kawaoka attempts to identify possible natural mutations of the virus that would then him to evade the immune system.

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Moreover, to John Oxford, professor of virology interviewed by the Guardian , such mutant strains do exist. "Probably in a duck in Siberia, fortunately for us, but if by chance they got closer, we would be in danger." That is why the Japanese would anticipate these risks by making stronger vaccines.

But the problem lies in the handling of these dangerous viruses in the laboratory. "When the result is a potential pandemic, even a small risk should be strongly considered," says epidemiologist Marc Lipsitch American. He and other researchers from Harvard and Yale, taking ten laboratories conducting such experiments for ten years, the probability of being infected is 20%. Accidents that echo the events of April 2014, when the Institut Pasteur has lost 3,000 tubes containing the SARS virus, a dangerous respiratory illness.

A scientist makes a deadly virus

A scientist makes a deadly virus
The Point.fr - Published 07/02/2014 to 10:59 p.m. - Amended 07/03/2014 at 07:29
Yoshihiro Kawaoka Japanese researcher has to recreate a particularly virulent virus that has killed nearly "500 000".

Photo illustration.
Photo illustration. © APA / Science Photo Library

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It is information recounted this morning by the British newspaper, The Independent . Yoshihiro Kawaoka Japanese researcher in virology at the University of Wisconsin, USA , has to reconstitute a mutant version of the H1N1 virus, also called swine flu, which had caused 200 000 deaths in 2009 and nearly 500,000 in total . Derived from the bird and pig virus kills almost today because our immune system is able to defend itself against him. The mutant version of the H1N1, created by the scientist, would in turn be able to escape the antibodies normally used to neutralize the virus and thus resist the existing vaccine.

A crazy and dangerous experiment? "He used a flu virus that is known to be transmissible to humans, and handled in a way that would leave the world population defenseless if he escaped from the laboratory ", warns a scientist.

"Sinks" of carbon terrestrial poorly understood

OCO-2 will become the main observatory of a fleet of five other international satellites that orbit the Earth every 99 minutes to perform a set of near-simultaneous observations. The satellite will measure samples of CO2 sources and sinks across the globe to enable scientists to better study the changes in climate.

"Sinks" of carbon terrestrial poorly understood

In April, the monthly concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million (ppm) in the northern hemisphere, its highest level in at least 800,000 years, reports NASA. Burning fossil fuels (hydrocarbons, natural gas and coal) and other human activities emit nearly 40 billion tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere each year, producing unprecedented accumulation of the greenhouse gas emissions. Climate scientists have concluded that the increase in CO2 emissions from human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, had changed the balance of the natural carbon cycle of the Earth, causing a rise in temperatures and a change of Earth's climate.

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Currently, less than half of the CO2 emitted by human activities stays in the atmosphere, according to climatologists. Some of the rest is absorbed by the oceans, but the terrestrial carbon sinks have not all been located and are poorly understood, they explain. "Scientists do not know exactly where and how the oceans and vegetation absorb more than half of the CO2 produced by human activities and emitted into the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial age," said David Crisp, the head OCO-2 scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. "Because of this, we can not accurately predict how these processes affect the future climate change. For society to better manage the levels of CO2 in our atmosphere, we must be able to measure the natural sources of carbon and how work the natural carbon sinks, "he has said. Measurements of CO2 levels made by OCO-2 will be combined with data obtained from ground observation stations, aircraft and other satellites.